| Tartalmi leírás: |
The purpose of the paper is to comprehensively map the technological and application environment of cryptocurrencies, with a particular focus on architectures, consensus mechanisms, usage patterns, and performance indicators. The paper presents the structure, consensus algorithms (PoW, PoS, hashgraph), and security and scalability characteristics of Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple (XRP), and Hedera Hashgraph (HBAR). It describes the process of crypto transactions, their participants, the concept and implementation model of smart contracts, and the extent and manner in which different platforms support the creation of programmable contracts. The study reviews the main market and industry players and presents examples of corporate (e.g., automotive and manufacturing) and civil applications, as well as solutions that use blockchain-based systems in supply chain, contract, and data management processes. Finally, the paper systematizes the main criticisms of cryptocurrencies (energy consumption, centralization risks, money laundering, and regulatory uncertainty) and explores the problem area in a structured manner, without proposing solutions, providing a framework for further research into the potential of these technologies.
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